Rola NASA w monitorowaniu ozonu stratosferycznego. Czy działania dotyczące ochrony warstwy ozonowej są skuteczne?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55225/sti.697Słowa kluczowe:
zubożenie warstwy ozonowej, monitorowanie warstwy ozonowej, misje kosmiczne, przepisy międzynarodoweAbstrakt
Stratosferyczna warstwa ozonowa (10–50 km) pochłania biologicznie szkodliwe promieniowanie ultrafioletowe, umożliwiając przetrwanie życia na Ziemi. Wczesne pomiary NASA z lat 60. i 70. XX wieku wykazały, że naturalny poziom ozonu jest kontrolowany przez śladowe ilości tlenków azotu, tlenków wodoru i halogenów. Około 20 misji NASA, wraz z NOAA, ESA i innymi partnerami międzynarodowymi, przyczyniło się do globalnego monitoringu ozonu. Obserwacje ujawniły poważne wiosenne zubożenie warstwy ozonowej nad Antarktydą w latach 1984–1985. NASA odnotowała najniższą wartość ozonu w historii pomiarów nad biegunem południowym – 73 DU 30 września 1994 r. – oraz największą jednodniową dziurę ozonową o rozmiarze 29,9 · 10⁶ km² 9 września 2000 r. Protokół montrealski (1987) doprowadził do 99-procentowego wycofania regulowanych substancji zubożających warstwę ozonową. Według najnowszej oceny WMO/UNEP, warstwa ozonowa powróci do poziomu z 1980 roku około 2066 roku nad Antarktydą, 2045 roku nad Arktyką i 2040 roku na całym świecie, zakładając, że obecne środki kontroli pozostaną w mocy. Chociaż epizodyczne głębokie zubożenie warstwy ozonowej miało miejsce w 2023 roku, dane NASA z 2025 roku wskazują na kontynuację długoterminowej odbudowy. W 2025 roku minimalne stężenie ozonu nad Antarktydą wyniosło 147 DU w dniu 6 października, a maksymalny zasięg dziury ozonowej wyniósł 23 · 10⁶ km² w dniu 9 września – około 30% mniej niż największa zarejestrowana dziura. Obserwacje te potwierdzają, że przepisy Protokołu montrealskiego przyczyniają się do stopniowej odbudowy warstwy ozonowej.
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